constitutional laws of India with brief explanations

1. Article 1: Name and territory of India This article defines India's name and territory.

2. Article 2: Admission or establishment of new states This article outlines the procedure for the admission or establishment of new states within the Indian Union.

3. Article 3: Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states This article provides for the formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states in India.

4. Article 12: Definition of the State This article defines the term 'State' as used in the Constitution and includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and Legislature of each state.

5. Article 14: Right to Equality This article guarantees equality before the law and prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

6. Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. This article guarantees the freedom of speech and expression, the right to assemble peacefully and without arms, and the right to form associations or unions.

7. Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty This article guarantees the right to life and personal liberty and provides that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except in accordance with the procedure established by law.

8. Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases This article provides protection against arrest and detention in certain cases, including the right to be informed of the grounds for arrest, the right to consult a legal practitioner, and the right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.

9. Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor This article prohibits trafficking in human beings and forced labor.

10. Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. This article prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 in hazardous occupations.

11. Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion This article guarantees the freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.

12. Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs This article guarantees the freedom to manage religious affairs and establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes.

13. Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities This article provides for the protection of the interests of minorities, including the right to conserve their distinct language, script or culture.

14. Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions This article guarantees the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

15. Article 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part This article provides for the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution.

16. Article 35A: Special provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir This article grants special privileges and rights to the residents of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

17. Article 36: Definitions This article provides definitions of terms used in the Constitution.

18. Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats This article provides for the organisation of village panchayats for self-governance in rural areas.

19. Article 44: Uniform civil code This article provides for the adoption of a uniform civil code for all citizens of India, regardless of religion.

20. Article 45: Provision for early childhood care and education

    This article provides for the provision of early childhood care and education for children up to the age of six years.

21. Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry This article provides for the organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry for the promotion of the welfare of the people.

22. Article 50: Separation of judiciary from executive This article provides for the separation of the judiciary from the executive in order to ensure the independence of the judiciary.

23. Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security This article provides for the promotion of international peace and security and the respect for international law and treaty obligations.

24. Article 72: Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases This article provides for the power of the President to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, and to suspend, remit, or commute sentences in certain cases.

25. Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise President This article provides for the Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his/her functions.

26. Article 75: Appointment of Prime Minister and other Ministers This article provides for the appointment of the Prime Minister and other Ministers by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

27. Article 80: Composition of the Council of States This article provides for the composition of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the allocation of seats to the states and Union Territories.

28. Article 84: Qualifications for membership of Parliament This article outlines the qualifications required for membership of Parliament, including citizenship, age, and certain educational qualifications.

29. Article 85: Sessions of Parliament, prorogation, and dissolution This article provides for the summoning, prorogation, and dissolution of the sessions of Parliament.

30. Article 86: Right of President to address and send messages to Houses This article provides for the right of the President to address and send messages to the Houses of Parliament.

31. Article 87: Special address by the President This article provides for a special address by the President at the commencement of the first session of each year of Parliament.

32. Article 88: Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses This article outlines the rights of Ministers and the Attorney-General with respect to the Houses of Parliament.

33. Article 92: Annual financial statement This article provides for the presentation of an annual financial statement (budget) to Parliament by the government.

34. Article 105: Powers, privileges, etc., of Houses of Parliament and of Members This article outlines the powers and privileges of the Houses of Parliament and their members, including freedom of speech and immunity from legal proceedings in certain cases.

35. Article 123: Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament This article provides for the power of the President to promulgate Ordinances during the recess of Parliament when it is not in session.

36. Article 124: Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court This article provides for the establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court of India.

37. Article 131: Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court This article provides for the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in certain disputes between the Union and states, or between states themselves.

38. Article 136: Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court This article provides for the power of the Supreme Court to grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in India.

39. Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court This article provides for the power of the President to consult the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact of public importance.

40. Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor-General of India This article provides for the appointment, duties, and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

41. Article 149: Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General This article outlines the duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, including the audit of all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India and the accounts of the Union and the states.

42. Article 150: Form of accounts of the Union and of the states This article provides for the form in which the accounts of the Union and the states are to be kept.

43. Article 153: Governors of states This article provides for the appointment and powers of the Governor of a state in India.

44. Article 161: Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases This article provides for the power of the Governor of a state to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, and to suspend, remit, or commute sentences in certain cases.

45. Article 165: Advocate-General for the state This article provides for the appointment and duties of the Advocate-General for the state.

46. Article 168: Constitution of state legislatures This article provides for the constitution of the legislative assembly in a state and the allocation of seats to the different constituencies.

47. Article 169: Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in states This article provides for the power of the state legislature to create or abolish the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) in the state.

48. Article 172: Duration of state legislatures This article provides for the duration of the legislative assembly in a state and the time within which a new session must be convened after the end of the previous session.

49. Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs This article provides for the power of the High Courts to issue writs including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose.

50. Article 356: Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in states This article provides for the imposition of President's rule in a state in case of failure of constitutional machinery. The Governor's rule is imposed before President's rule if the Governor finds that the governance in the state cannot be carried out according to the Constitution.